Yamnaya culture was defined by Vasily Gorodtsov in order to differentiate it from catacomb and srubnaya cultures that existed in the area but considered to be of later period. Paganism was originally a pejorative and derogatory term for polytheism, implying its inferiority. These two cultures were followed by the Srubnaya culture (1800-1200 BCE or 3,821-3,221 years ago)." ref This has no evidence and it sounds like a pure speculation. Are the Natufians of Israel around 15,000 to 11,500 years ago who you thought they were? I am not a leader by some title given but from my commanding leadership style of simply to start teaching everywhere to everyone, all manner of positive education. The Samara culture is regarded as related to contemporaneous or subsequent prehistoric cultures of the PonticCaspian steppe, such as the Khvalynsk, Repin and Yamna (or Yamnaya) cultures. [] The Yamnaya horizon is the visible archaeological expression of a social adjustment to high mobility the invention of the political infrastructure to manage larger herds from mobile homes based in the steppes. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. As cultures, we identify ourselves through the collective dreams we call creation myths, or, A philosophical and theological elaboration of the primal myth of creation within a religious community. However, since these branches share the Indo-European words for plow and pound grain, they must, too, somehow have been involved in or at least connected to the establishment of the core Indo-European continuum in the West Pontic region. Its not exactly counterintuitive to guess that people from the steppe, whom we identify with the Yamnaya Culture, moved from one place to the other. The genetic sequencing of individuals is changing how we view the genetic turnover of the Late Neolithic period. They also hunted deer and wild game. Around 7,200 years ago spread both European-related dogs into the levant (Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, and Turkey) and Iranian-related dogs across the Near East. The Yamnaya were nomadic pastoralists who originally lived on the steppes of Eurasia before moving west. This individual is ancestral for both haplogroup R1b1a1 and R1b1a2 and is therefore basal to both the predominantly western Eurasian R-M269 lineage and the mainly non-European R-M73/M478 lineage. Five Yamnaya, two later-era, and possibly two earlier-era individuals qualify as "highly probable riders." "The rather high prevalence of these traits in the skeleton record, especially with respect to the overall limited completeness, show that these people were horse riding regularly," Trautmann says. People on the steppe buried their exalted dead in kurgans; kurgans show up later in the Hungarian Plain than on the steppe, accompanied by the same kinds of artifacts we find in burials on the steppe. Intriguingly, it is evident that many agricultural meanings that have habitually been reconstructed for Proto-Indo-European are effectively post-Anatolian. Who Destroyed the Great Library of Alexandria? I have written a book and several peer reviewed journal articles. It wasnt a one-time wave of migration, but an ongoing flow of people. The Yamnaya culture was the first to domesticate horses on a large scale. Ancient Origins 2013 - 2023Disclaimer- Terms of Publication - Privacy Policy & Cookies - Advertising Policy -Submissions - We Give Back - Contact us. In antiquity, several sky goddesses in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Near East were calledQueen of Heaven. Related sites are Varfolomeyevka on the Russian-Kazakh border[3] (5500 BCE), which has parallels in Dzhangar (Kalmykia),[4] and Mykol'ske, on the Dnieper. Romeitself was protected by a goddess whose name was to be kept ritually secret on pain of death (for a supposed case, seeQuintus Valerius Soranus). A 2022 study published inScientific Reportsanalyzed 18 new unrelated Trypillians from the Verteba Cave in Ukraine. Yamnaya people were pastoralists who relied on herding sheep, goats, and cattle. While there are numerous parallels adduced from outside ofIndo-European mythology, there are exceptions (e.g. They found that a larger group of immigrants from the Pontic Steppe changed the genetic make-up of the area. The specimens were first cleaned in a laboratory using UV light. Indeed, in the final stage of Mikhailovka the evidence of millet increased, suggesting an increasing presence of C4 plants in the vegetation and/or in the diet. In New Zealand this past New Year's Eve 2022-2023, a wealthy American hosted a private fireworks display for his family and guests on their country . Thousands of horsemen may have swept into Bronze Age Europe - Science Here, we report genome-wide data from 19Upper Paleolithic to Early Bronze Age individuals from this Siberian region. It would have progressively spread across Siberia until north-eastern Europe, possibly reaching the Volga-Ural region around 5500 to 4500 BCE with theKama culture(5300-3300 BCE), and the eastern Baltic with theComb Ceramic culture(4200-2000 BCE), the presumed ancestral culture of Proto-Finnic and pre-Baltic people. Which is not a place but a positive potential involvement and promotion; a life of humanist goal precision. Please, These migrants from the steppe filled the Hungarian Plain with earthen burial mounds called, , permanent markers of their otherwise ephemeral presence. The people of the Yamnaya culture were a late Copper Age to early Bronze Age archaeological culture in the Pontic Caspian Steppe. Modern researchers have been much more cautious, recognizing that, although Vedic mythology is still central, other mythologies must also be taken into account. ref, Another of the most important source mythologies for comparative research is Roman mythology. "Religion is an Evolved Product" and Yes, Religion is Like Fear . Pre-Animism(at least 300,000 years ago) pre-religion is a beginning that evolves into later Animism. Gramadevataare guardian deities of villages. Most Yeniseian-speaking tribes (Arin, Assan, Baikot, Kott, Pumpokol, Yarin, Yastin) used to live south of the current Ket settlements. Yamnaya people were expert horsemen and they used horses to pull their tents and belongings. Yamnaya culture or at least Proto-Indo-European Languages/Religions may actually relate back to North Asia? March 3, 2023. Show six:Emergence of hierarchy, sexism, slavery, and the new male god dominance:Paganism 7,000-5,000 years old: related to Anarchism and Socialism (Capitalism) (World War 0) Elite and their slaves! Herders moving through those valleys brought southwestern Asian crops into China and eastern Asian crops back the other way, says archaeologist Robert Spengler of the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. The other two lower clines are occupied by individuals from the Eurasian steppe, mostly speaking Turkic and Mongolic languages. DANUBIAN ROUTE OF YAMNAYA CULTURE . Scenarios in which the European branches moved west and the Asian branch stayed east of the Dnieper, therefore,appear overly simplistic. ref, While Gimbutas was largely correct in assuming that the increase of agriculture is synchronous with the incursion of the Kurgan [] people into Europe, especially in the European branches, we must assume that the onset of this process had already started before the final dissolution of the core Indo-European dialect continuum, on or close to the steppe. Intriguingly, it is evident that many agricultural meanings that have habitually been reconstructed for Proto-Indo-European are effectively post-Anatolian. The books of the biblical prophets, warning of the consequences of turning away from God: Exodus 20:23 You shall not make other gods besides Me (not saying there are no other gods just not to worship them); gods of silver or gods of gold, you shall not make for yourselves., Judges 10:6 Then the sons of Israel again did evil in the sight of the LORD, served the Baals and the Ashtaroth, the gods of Aram, the gods of Sidon, the gods of Moab, the gods of the sons of Ammon, and the gods of the Philistines; thus they forsook the LORD and did not serve Him., 1 Corinthians 8:5 For even if there are so-called gods whether in heaven or on earth, as indeed there are many gods and many lords.. Often without realizing it, we accumulate beliefs that we allow to negatively influence our lives. *developed stage of organized religion is 5,000 years ago. They lived primarily as nomads, with a chiefdom system and wheeled carts and wagons that allowed them to manage large herds. ref, They are also closely connected to Final Neolithic cultures, which later spread throughout Europe and Central Asia, especially the Corded Ware people and the Bell Beaker culture, as well as the peoples of the Sintashta, Andronovo, and Srubnaya cultures. By bringing together top experts and authors, this archaeology website explores lost civilizations, examines sacred writings, tours ancient places, investigates ancient discoveries and questions mysterious happenings. It extends 8 thousand kilometers west to east (from the Black Sea to the Yellow Sea), spanning an area of 8 million sq. Cory Johnston:https://damienmarieathope.com/2021/04/cory-johnston-mind-of-a-skeptical-leftist/?v=32aec8db952d, The Mind of a Skeptical Leftist (YouTube), Cory Johnston: Mind of a Skeptical Leftist@Skepticallefty, The Mind of a Skeptical Leftist By Cory Johnston: Promoting critical thinking, social justice, and left-wing politics by covering current events and talking to a variety of people. and Gobekli Tepe, by paganism I mean a grouped set of behaviors that I believe resemble the concept of paganism-type beliefs. Drawing on his extensive casework, Harvey also considers the linguistic, performative, ecological, and activist implications of these different animisms.ref. Which seems to be a simple point some are just not grasping how devastating to any claims of truth when we can see the lie clearly in the archeological sites. I see all religious people as at least animists, so, all religions have at least some amount, kind, or expression of animism as well. VL29 and its subclades are also the variety of N1c1 found in Balto-Slavic populations, confirming that the R1a branch of Indo-Europeans absorbed and later spread N1c1 lineages around central and eastern Europe. Even Greek and Hebrew do not have similar code but they have numbers also and meanings for each letter. People of the precedingDnieper-Donets culturewere even more powerfully built than the Sredny Stog andYamnaya. In northern Greece a dark age from 3800-3300 BCE followed, during which settlements became scarce and people returned to dispersed herding economies. ref, The CucuteniTrypillia culture was a society ofsubsistencefarmers. Beauv.) analyzed 18 new unrelated Trypillians from the Verteba Cave in Ukraine. The concept is complementary to an earth mother. The Semitic rootlh(Arabicilh, AramaicAlh,Elh, Hebrewelah) may belwith a parasitic h, andlmay be an abbreviated form oflh. Yamnaya people may have been the first to domesticate cows, which allowed them to produce large quantities of milk. In short, no. History of Drug Use with Religion or Sacred Rituals possibly 58,000 years ago? Are the Misty Peaks of the Azores Remnants of the Legendary Atlantis? Enormous amounts of horse bones were found in and around the Botai settlements, suggesting that the Botai people kept horses or even domesticated them. Ancient Human GenomesPresent-Day Europeans Johannes Krause (Video), A quick look at the Genetic history of Europe, The most significant recent dispersal of modern humans from Africa gave rise to an undifferentiated non-African lineage by some 70,000-50,000 years ago. The more prosperous houses might have a smallshrineto the household god(s); thelarariumserved this purpose in the case of the Romans. And similarly,Native American beliefs such asTons, tutelary animal spirit among theZapotecandTotems, familial or clan spirits among the Ojibwe, can be animals.ref, Atutelary(alsotutelar) inAustronesian beliefs such as:Atua(godsand spirits of thePolynesian peoplessuch as theMorior theHawaiians),Hanitu(BununofTaiwans term for spirit),Hyang(Kawi,Sundanese,Javanese, andBalineseSupreme Being, in ancientJava and Bali mythologyand this spiritual entity, can be eitherdivineorancestral),Kaitiaki(New ZealandMoriterm used for the concept ofguardianship, for thesky, thesea, and the land),Kawas (mythology)(divided into 6 groups: gods, ancestors, souls of the living, spirits of living things, spirits of lifeless objects, and ghosts),Tiki(Mori mythology,Tikiis thefirst mancreated by eitherTmatauengaorTneandrepresentsdeified ancestorsfound in mostPolynesian cultures). There is no indisputable evidence of riding, but there were horse burials, the earliest in the Old World. Warring Seima-Turbino groups migrated from Central Asia towards the Urals and further into Eastern Europe. N1c represents the western extent of haplogroup N, which is found all over the Far East (China, Korea, Japan), Mongolia, and Siberia, especially among Uralic speakers of northern Siberia. ref, Proto-Indo-European mythology is the body of myths and deities associated with the Proto-Indo-Europeans, the hypothetical speakers of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language. Enormous amounts of horse bones were found in and around the Botai settlements, suggesting that the Botai people kept horses or even domesticated them. There are lots of different kinds of migrations. In this sense, cosmogonic myths serve as aphilosophy of life but one expressed and conveyed throughsymbolrather than through systematic reason. 2016found 100% of Y-DNA N out of 17 samples from the Xueshan culture (Jiangjialiang site) dating from 36002900 BCE, and among those 41% belonged to N1c1-Tat. Around 6,5005,800 years ago, The Northern Levant migrations into Jordon and Israel in the Southern Levant brought new cultural and religious transfer from Turkey and Iran. Paganism was more than shamanism at first it was about the clan leader from 13,000 to 7,000 years ago then from 7,000 until 5, 500 was a time of proto kings and by 5,000 kings were a growing norm. With respect tomtDNA, they carriedH5a,T2b,HV,andU8b1b. Karelia culture: Y-DNA R1a-M417 8,400 years ago, Y-DNA J, 7,200 years ago, and Samara, of Y-haplogroup R1b-P297 7,600 years ago is closely related to ANE from Afontova Gora, 18,000 years ago around the time of blond hair first seen there.ref, Inarchaeogenetics, the termAncient North Eurasian(often abbreviated as ANE) is the name given to an ancestralWest Eurasiancomponent that represents descent from the people similar to theMaltaBuret cultureand populationsclosely relatedto them, such as fromAfontova Goraand theYana Rhinoceros Horn Site. This allowed for the genomes to be sequenced. They are often set in a dim and nonspecific past that historian of religionMircea Eliadetermedin illo tempore(at that time). Back migration from Corded Ware also contributed to Sintashta and Andronovo. A group of researchers have carried out a study of genomes from individuals who lived in the Late Neolithic era. Throughout the history of civilization, the concept of the apocalypse has been ever present, in one way or another. At the same time as the rise of the male god, 7,000 years ago, there was also the very time there was the rise of violence, war, and clans to kingdoms, then empires, then states. Sanskrit is the language used in Vedas (Indian ancient texts/ some 4000 y.o. They also grew peas and beans,apricot,cherry plum,andwine grapes though there is no solid evidence that they actually madewine. Other authors have discussed analogies (similar folkloremotifs, purely typological considerations, and certain binary pairs in symbolics) may be related to a dualistic organization of society somedualisticfeatures can be found in comparisons with these peoples. ref, ref, The genetic history of admixture across inner Eurasia, Ancient DNA studies have already shown that human populations of this region have dramatically transformed over time. Yamnaya culture, also known as Yamna, drove out, almost all the population of locals in Spain about 5000 years ago. . New Rituals and Violence with the appearance of Pottery and People? First, they were under a constant pressure from the reindeer herders to the north (Enets and Nenets) and east (Evenks) and the Turkic-speaking pastoralists to the south. The period around 2000 BCE was marked by two migration waves moving in opposite directions. The advent of ancient DNA, especially in the last decade, has shifted the paradigm once more. The cattle bones yielded lower and more variable values (5.8 to 9.3 ; range 3.5 ) than those of the sheep/goat (7.8 to 10.2 ; range 2.4 ; with an outlier with . The Yamnaya culture was a Bronze Age culture that flourished in the steppes of modern-day Ukraine and Russia. They are (linguistic) descendants of the people of the Yamnaya culture (c.3600-2300 BCE) in Ukraine and southern Russia, and settled in the area from Western Europe to India in various migrations in the third, second, and early first . Eliade and his colleague Charles Long developed a classification based on some commonmotifsthat reappear in stories the world over. R-M434 is a subclade of Z2125. Changes in material style were much more likely to be the result of organic developments, they thought, as the social order shifted, elites emerged and fell, and new ideas about organizing society took hold. Overall, our study demonstrates the most deeply divergent connection between Upper Paleolithic Siberians and the First Americans and reveals human and pathogen mobility across Eurasia during the Bronze Age., The Kets (an ethnic group in the Yenisei River basin, Russia) are among the least studied native Siberians. The CucuteniTrypillia culture was a society of, or scratch plough), harvesting crops, and tending livestock was probably the main occupation for most people. Autosomal DNAbecame more easily accessible in the 2000s, and since the mid-2010s, results of previously unattainable resolution, many of them based on full-genome analysis of ancient DNA, have been published at an accelerated pace.ref, Research Shows Indo-European Languages Originated in Turkey (2012), The Indo-European languages belong to one of the widest spread language families of the world. In that regard it was the opposite development from the Near East, which first developed agriculture then only pottery from circa 5500 BCE, perhaps through contact with East Asians via Siberia or Central Asia. ref. Although the family is traditionally presented as divided intoSinitic(i.e. It is all connected back to 7,000 years ago, and it moved across the world. The Yamnaya are thought to be the ancestors of the Indo-Europeans, who spread their language and culture across Europe and Asia. Aurignacian Period female Venus carvings start at 35,000 years ago, then Transfer on to Other Cultures? There is a 1500 year gap between the Yamnaya (3300-2800 bc) and the Tumulus and Urnfield (1300 bc) cultures, which can be seen as the earliest Celtic cultures or ancestral to the Celtic culture. 2andSupplementary Fig. Samara culture - Wikipedia Archaeologists and historians have struggled with migration for a long time. *progressed stage of organized religion Myths Origin is 7,000 years ago. In his analysis of the Indo-European household, in Chapter II The House Spirit, Section 1, he states: The belief which guided the conduct of our forefathers was the spirit rule of dead ancestors.ref, It is thus certain that the worship of deceased ancestors is avera causa, and not a mere hypothesis. by Jonathan Shaw. Even more striking, the archaeological and genetic evidence of this migration match up almost perfectly with the society we can reconstruct for the original speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language, the language ancestral to the entire Proto-Indo-European family. Read More This little island of grassland in the middle of Europe became their new home. The group is named after theAltai mountain rangein the center of Asia.ref, Tracing population movements in ancient East Asia through the linguistics and archaeology of textile production 2020, Archaeolinguistics, a field which combines language reconstruction and archaeology as a source of information on human prehistory, has much to offer to deepen our understanding of the Neolithic and Bronze Age in Northeast Asia. Addressing Religious violence, belief in Gods as a motivation for harm? Freud preferred to emphasize the psychoanalytic implications of the reification of metaphysical forces, but with particular emphasis on its familial nature. Place and time [ edit] The later, fully developed kurgan was a hill on which the deceased chief might ascend to the sky god, but whether these early mounds had that significance is doubtful. This parallels the practice of theCucuteni-Trypillia culture, and is in contrast with the laterYamnaya culture, which practicedtumuliburials. It is believed to have originated in Indochina or southern China approximately 15,000 to 20,000 years ago. In Ugaritic the plural form meaning gods isilhm, equivalent to Hebrewelhmpowers. The south eastern extent of this migration is currently not known. In Sredny Stog culture, the deceased were laid to rest on their backs with the legs flexed. Genetic loci reported to be under positive selection in the common ancestor of modern Eurasians are represented by rs1881227 in, , and those independently evolved in Europeans and East Asians, indicating possible convergent evolution, are represented by rs12913832 in. The Bug-Dniester culture had ceramics about 6200 BCE and began to adopt animal domestication & agriculture from Cri people. ref, ref, A northern group of pioneers formed the Cri/Krs Culture and occupied northern Balkans and Carpathians 5800-5300 BCE. Our open community is dedicated to digging into the origins of our species on planet earth, and question wherever the discoveries might take us. Although the mythological motifs are not directly attested since Proto-Indo-European speakers lived in preliterate societies scholars of comparative mythology have reconstructed details from inherited similarities found among Indo-European languages, based on the assumption that parts of the Proto-Indo-Europeans original belief systems survived in the daughter traditions. ref, The Proto-Indo-European pantheon includes a number of securely reconstructed deities, since they are both cognates linguistic siblings from a common origin , and associated with similar attributes and body of myths: such as *Dyws Phtr, the daylight-sky god; his consort *Dm, the earth mother; his daughter *Hwss, the dawn goddess; his sons the Divine Twins; and *Sehul, a solar goddess. (The first writing in the bible was Paleo-Hebrew dated toaround 3,000 years ago Khirbet Qeiyafais the site of an ancient fortress city overlooking the Elah Valley. Proto-Indo-European was spoken by the Yamnaya people. Animism: an approximately 100,000-year-old belief system? I am a revolutionary that teaches in public, in places like social media, and in the streets. They cultivatedclub wheat, oats, rye,proso millet, barley, and hemp, which were probably ground and baked asunleavened breadin clay ovens or on heated stones in the home. They also hunted deer and wild game. Did a 4,5204,420-year-old Volcano In Turkey Inspire the Bible God? However, even in this model, the remaining terms still stand. How A Handful of Yamnaya Culture Nomads Became the Fathers of Europe Its proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-European languages. Justified beliefs or disbeliefs worthy of Knowledge? These Mesolithic hunter-gatherer cultures are substantially replaced in theNeolithic Revolutionby the arrival ofEarly European Farmers(EEF) lineages derived from Mesolithic populations of West Asia (Anatoliaand theCaucasus). All of that seems to match the Yamnaya both on the steppe and in their new home in the Hungarian Plain. Creation myths develop inoral traditionsand therefore typically have multiple versions; found throughout humanculture, they are the most common form of myth.ref. By the early 3rd millennium BCE, they had expanded throughout the PonticCaspian steppe and into eastern Europe. R-M560 is very rare and was only observed in four samples: two Burushaski speakers (north Pakistan), one Hazara (Afghanistan), and one Iranian Azerbaijani. Creation myth definitions from modern references: Religion professorMircea Eliadedefined the wordmythin terms of creation: Myth narrates a sacred history; it relates an event that took place in primordial Time, the fabled time of the beginnings. In other words, myth tells how, through the deeds of Supernatural Beings, a reality came into existence, be it the whole of reality, the Cosmos, or only a fragment of reality an island, a species of plant, a particular kind of human behavior, an institution.ref, All creation myths are in one senseetiologicalbecause they attempt to explain how the world formed and where humanity came from. Cory and I will talk about prehistory and theism, addressing the relevance to atheism, anarchism, and socialism. The majority of linguistic work during the 19th century was devoted to the reconstruction of PIE or its daughter proto-languages (such as Proto-Germanic and Proto-Indo-Iranian), and many of the modern techniques of linguistic reconstruction (such as the comparative method) were developed as a result. ref, PIE is hypothesized to have been spoken as a single language from 4500to 2500BCE or 6,521-4,521 years ago, during the Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age, though estimates vary by more than a thousand years. DenYeniseian language, Old Copper Complex, and Pre-Columbian Mound Builders? Corded Ware cultural complexity uncovered using genomic and isotopic , one of the oldest astrological systems still in use, can trace its roots to 19th17th century BCE, . We show that the transition to more sophisticated textile technology in these regions can be associated not only with the adoption of millet agriculture but also with the spread of the languages of the so-called Transeurasian family. The people of these cultures werenomadic pastoralists, who, according to the model, by the early 3rd millennium BCE had expanded throughout thePonticCaspian steppeand intoEastern Europe. Intriguingly, Indo-Iranian and especially Tocharian were impacted less heavily by the later, more radical shift towards agriculture that manifests itself in the European branches, indicating that they were culturally but also geographically more peripheral. By applying the alternative, Indo-Slavic model, it is possible to relegate the latter two terms to the most recent subnode of the family, so as to deprive them of their core Indo-European status. I heard people say, Slav Ukraine but who are the Slavs? 12). In antiquity, several sky goddesses in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Near East were called, . These results indicated strong regional differentiations and a long history of cultivation in each region., The most commonly cited hypothesis associates the family with the Neolithic, agriculture. (Marianne Ramstein / Archologischer Dienst des Kanton Bern ). Artifacts, genes, and even a reconstructed language - Proto-Indo-European - all seem to match up. The Samara culture was an Eneolithic (Copper Age) culture that flourished around the turn of the 5th millennium BCE,[note 1] at the Samara Bend of the Volga River (modern Russia). The Evolution of Fire Sacralizing and/or Worship 1.5 million to 300,000 years ago and beyond? These studies now provide a rich context to interpret present-day population structure of inner Eurasians and to characterize ancient admixtures in fine resolution. ref, The population of the Botai culture were connected to the earliest evidence for horse husbandry. Inlate GreekandRoman religion, one type of tutelary deity, thegenius, functions as the personal deity ordaimonof an individual from birth to death. If haplogroup N1c, found mainly among Uralic speakers today, did originate in the Manchurian Neolithic, together with other subclades of haplogroup N, it would explain that Uralic languages are related to Altaic languages like Turkic and Mongolic languages and, more distantly also Korean, Japanese and Ainu, as Y-haplogroup N is indeed the unifying factor between all these populations. The candidates put forward for wheel or wagon-related words are nine reconstructed PIE word forms. , transplanted more than 800 miles from their homeland on the steppe to the Pannonian Basin in central Europe. Who were the Yamnaya? 122K views 1 year ago Ancient Cultures Playlist The Yamnaya culture was a Copper Age to early Bronze Age archaeological culture of the Pontic steppe (north of the Black Sea) dating to 3300-2600. Other carved bone figurines and pendants were found in the graves. R1a1a1b1a3 [R1a1a1a1] (R-Z284) occurs in Northwest Europe and peaks at c. 20% in Norway. Indo-European cereal terminology suggests a Northwest Pontic homeland for the core Indo-European languages. The Yamnaya were able to domesticate horses earlier than any other culture in Eurasia. The isotope distinction between small and large ruminants indicates that either the different domestic animal species were herded on different pastures or that they fed selectively on different plants available in the same habitats.
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